Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Geomorphic Processes
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Part I: Physical Geography
Geomorphic Processes
Questions & Answers
Q. 1. What is meant by landform?
Ans: The various natural features seen on the Earth’s surface such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, deserts, etc. are collectively called ‘landforms.’These landforms are formed as a result of geomorphic processes.
Q. 2. Define geomorphology.
Ans: The branch of geography which studies how landforms are formed due to various internal and external processes occurring on the Earth’s surface is called ‘geomorphology.’
Q. 3. Write the meaning of geomorphic processes.
Ans: All natural activities that create, modify, and destroy landforms on the Earth’s surface are called “geomorphic processes.”
Q. 4. What are included under external processes or agents?
Ans: External processes or agents include wind, water, rivers, sea waves, glaciers, and underground water.
Q. 5. What is meant by degradation?
Ans: The lowering of the Earth’s surface or the wearing down of land due to external processes is called “degradation.”
Q. 6. What is an inselberg? Draw a diagram.
Ans: An isolated rocky hill standing abruptly in a plain is called an inselberg. These are generally composed of hard rocks.
Q. 7. What is an oasis? What is its significance?
Ans: A green area with a source of water in the middle of a desert is called an oasis. The significance of an oasis is that it makes human settlement, agriculture, and survival possible in desert regions.
Q. 8. What is a sand dune and how is it formed?
Ans: A heap of sand carried and deposited by wind is called a sand dune. In deserts, when the velocity of wind decreases, sand accumulates and forms sand dunes.
Q. 9. What is abrasion? What types of features are formed by it?
Ans: The process by which wind, water, or glaciers carry rock particles and rub them against the Earth’s surface is called abrasion. As a result, features such as hollows, caves, grooves, and smooth rock surfaces are formed.
Q. 10. Write the meaning of attrition.
Ans: The wearing away of rocks due to mutual collision of rock fragments carried by flowing wind, rivers, or glaciers is called ‘attrition.’
Q. 11. What is a glacier? Why is its movement very slow?
Ans: A large river-like mass of ice is called a glacier. Its movement is very slow due to the high density of ice, greater friction, and the uneven nature of the underlying surface.
Q. 12. How many types of glaciers are there? Write briefly about each.
Ans: Glaciers are mainly of three types—
(a) Mountain Glacier: This type of glacier is formed in high mountainous regions due to heavy snowfall. These glaciers move down along mountainslopes into valleys and modify their shape, forming U-shaped valleys.
(b) Continental Glacier: This type of glacier spreads over a vast area and covers entire continents or large landmasses. Such glaciers are found in Antarctica and Greenland.
(c) Piedmont Glacier: Sometimes several valley glaciers descend from mountainous regions and merge at the foothills, spreading out over the adjacent lowlands. Since they are formed at the base of mountains, they are called“piedmont glaciers.” This type of glacier is found in Alaska, America.
Q. 13. Show the shape of a glacial valley with a diagram.
Ans: A valley formed by a glacier is U-shaped.
Q. 14. What is a hanging valley?
Ans: A smaller valley that joins a main glacial valley and remains suspended above it is called a “hanging valley.”
Q. 15. What is a graben? How many types are there? Show its position with a diagram.
Ans: A block of land that has sunk between two parallel faults is called a‘graben.’ Generally, grabens are of four types, namely—
(a) Lateral graben, (b) Ground graben, (c) Median graben, and (d) Marginal graben.
Q. 16. Based on general knowledge, give an idea of how global warming will affect glaciers.
Ans: Due to global warming, glaciers melt rapidly. As a result, sea level rises, coastal areas get flooded, and there may be a shortage of drinking water.
Additional Questions and Answers
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
Q. 1. Which process plays the main role in the formation of landforms on the Earth’s surface?
(a) Social process
(b) Political process
(c) Geomorphic process
(d) Economic process
Ans: ( c )
Q. 2. Which of the following is an external geomorphic agent?
(a) Earthquake
(b) Volcano
(c) Wind
(d) Faulting
Ans: ( c )
Q. 3. What is an isolated rocky hill in a plain called?
(a) Plateau
(b) Inselberg
(c) Graben
(d) Valley
Ans: ( b )
Q. 4. What is a green area with a water source in a desert called?
(a) Sand dune
(b) Desert
(c) Oasis
(d) Delta
Ans: ( c )
Q. 5. What is a heap of sand carried by wind called?
(a) Graben
(b) Sand dune
(c) Hollow
(d) Valley
Ans: ( b )
Q. 6. What is the process of wearing away rocks by rubbing called?
(a) Deposition
(b) Abrasion
(c) Uplift
(d) Folding
Ans: ( b )
Q. 7. What is the shape of a valley formed by a glacier?
(a) V-shape
(b) W-shape
(c) U-shape
(d) Y-shape
Ans: ( c )
Q. 8. What is the usual shape of a valley formed by a river?
(a) U-shape
(b) V-shape
(c) Rectangular
(d) Circular
Ans: ( b )
Q. 9. What is the land that sinks between two parallel faults called?
(a) Horst
(b) Graben
(c) Plateau
(d) Plain
Ans: (b)
Q. 10. How is the movement of a glacier?
(a) Very fast
(b) Fast
(c) Very slow
(d) Sudden
Ans: (c)
Q. 11. Which of the following is an internal process?
(a) Wind
(b) River
(c) Glacier
(d) Volcano
Ans: ( d )
Q. 12. What is meant by attrition?
(a) Deposition of rocks
(b) Melting of rocks
(c) Collision between rocks
(d) Uplift of rocks
Ans: ( c )
Q. 13. What is formed in deserts due to abrasion?
(a) Delta
(b) Mushroom rock
(c) Coast
(d) Sand bar
Ans: ( b )
Q. 14. Glaciers are mainly composed of what?
(a) Water
(b) Sand
(c) Ice
(d) Soil
Ans: ( c )
Q. 15. Which of the following is not an external process?
(a) River
(b) Wind
(c) Earthquake
(d) Sea waves
Ans: ( c )
Q. 16. Hanging valleys are associated with which?
(a) River
(b) Glacier
(c) Sea
(d) Wind
Ans: ( b )
Q. 17. What type of erosion is done by glaciers?
(a) Chemical
(b) Biological
(c) Mechanical
(d) Thermal
Ans: ( c )
Q. 18. Which problem is caused by global warming?
(a) Increase in glaciers
(b) Rise in sea level
(c) Increase in ice
(d) Stoppage of wind
Ans: ( b )
Q. 19. What is the opposite structure of a graben called?
(a) Valley
(b) Plateau
(c) Horst
(d) Plain
Ans: ( c )
Q. 20. Which branch of geography studies landforms?
(a) Human geography
(b) Economic geography
(c) Geomorphology
(d) Social geography
Ans: ( c )
Short Answer Type Questions (Marks-1/2)
Q. What is meant by landform?
Ans: The various natural features seen on the Earth’s surface are called landforms.
Q. What are geomorphic processes?
Ans: The natural activities that form and modify landforms are called geomorphic processes.
Q. Name one external process.
Ans: Wind.
Q. Where are inselbergs generally found?
Ans: In plain regions.
Q. Where are oases found?
Ans: In deserts.
Q. Which agent forms sand dunes?
Ans: Wind.
Q. What is abrasion?
Ans: The process of wearing away the Earth’s surface by rubbing.
Q. What are glaciers made of?
Ans: Ice.
Q. What is the shape of a glacial valley?
Ans: U-shape.
Q. What is the shape of a river valley?
Ans: V-shape.
Q. How is a graben formed?
Ans: It is formed due to faulting.
Q. Hanging valleys are associated with what?
Ans: Glaciers.
Q. Where does attrition occur?
Ans: Between rocks and stones.
Q. Name one internal process.
Ans: Volcanism.
Q. Which natural element is most affected by global warming?
Ans: Glaciers.
Q. What are external geomorphic processes?
Ans: Processes caused by agents like wind, rivers, and glaciers acting on the Earth’s surface are called external geomorphic processes.
Q. How are inselbergs formed?
Ans: Inselbergs are formed due to long-term erosion processes.
Q. Write the importance of an oasis.
Ans: An oasis makes human settlement and agriculture possible in deserts.
Q. Describe the process of sand dune formation.
Ans: Sand carried by wind accumulates in areas where wind velocity decreases, forming sand dunes.
Q. Write the difference between abrasion and attrition.
Ans: In abrasion, the Earth’s surface is worn away by rubbing, whereas in attrition, rock fragments collide with each other.
