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Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Peace Solution
Section-B Political Theory
Selected Questions & Answers
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions: (Marks for each – 1)
1. What is meant by peace?
Ans: Peace means a condition without war.
2. Write the names of two organizations formed to establish and maintain world peace.
Ans: League of Nations and United Nations.
3. What was the main principle of the movement of Mahatma Gandhi?
Ans: Peace and non-violence.
4. Write the names of two Indian personalities who spread the message of peace.
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa.
5. Write the name of a philosopher who praised war.
Ans: Friedrich Nietzsche.
6. What is the meaning of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”?
Ans: Universal brotherhood.
7. What do we get in place of peace?
Ans: Unrest or conflict.
8. After the World War II, two world powers emerged. What were they?
Ans: Soviet Union and United States.
B. Short Questions and Answers: (Marks for each – 2)
1. What is meant by Balance of Power?
Ans: In international politics, the balance of power refers to a system in which no single state is allowed to become excessively powerful, and war is avoided through an approximately equal or proportionate distribution of power among states.
2. What is Collective Security?
Ans: Collective security is a system in which peace-loving states unite together to resist aggression by any aggressive state or group of states.
3. What is International Law?
Ans: International law is a set of rules and principles that determine and regulate the relations among the member states of the international community.
4. What is Disarmament? Is it necessary?
Ans: Disarmament means the reduction of destructive weapons used in war or preventing the production of such weapons. Disarmament is necessary for world peace, order, and collective development.
C. Medium Answer Type Questions: (Marks for each – 4)
1. What are the contemporary challenges to peace?
Ans: Although there are many institutions, organizations, alliances, and non-governmental organizations in the world working for peace and human welfare, peace in the contemporary world has been seriously disturbed. The reasons are briefly discussed below:
(a) One of the major factors posing a challenge to world peace today is terrorism. Terrorism has become active across the world and has severely harmed international peace. For example, the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City on 11 September 2001, and the attacks carried out by Pakistani terrorists in the city of Bombay in India.
(b) Another serious factor among the contemporary challenges to world peace is the imperialistic attitude of some states. Because of the imperialistic attitude of Russia there was conflict in Afghanistan; because of the imperialistic attitude of the United States there was conflict in Iraq; and due to the aggressive policy of Israel there has been large-scale killing in Palestine and Israel.
(c) Another reason contributing to unrest in the contemporary world is the economy. The developed countries of the world are exploiting the poorer countries. As a result, the people of poorer countries are struggling for economic liberation, which disturbs world peace. For example, the economic inequality prevailing in many African countries has taken a serious form.
(d) Another factor appearing as a challenge to world peace is religious fundamentalism. Due to religious fundamentalism, peace has been disturbed in the Middle East, especially in many Islamic countries. Similarly, in India, conflicts between Hindus and Muslims have also arisen due to religious fundamentalism.
2. Write briefly about the principles of Panchsheel.
Ans: The first Prime Minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, in one of his speeches, mentioned five principles as the guiding path of India–China relations. These are known as the Panchsheel principles. Later, these principles came to be regarded as the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles of Panchsheel are:
(1) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(2) Mutual non-aggression.
(3) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.
(4) Equality and mutual benefit.
(5) Peaceful coexistence.
3. What are the main objectives of the United Nations?
Ans: The main objectives of the United Nations are mentioned in Article 1of its Charter. According to it, the objectives are:
(1) To maintain international peace and security.
(2) To develop friendly relations among the nations of the world.
(3) To achieve international cooperation in solving the economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems of the world.
(4) To save future generations from the horrors of war.
D. Essay Type Questions & Answers: (Marks for each – 6)
1. Discuss the different methods for establishing peace.
Ans: There are mainly three approaches or methods for establishing peace. These are Balance of Power, socio-economic cooperation, and supranational arrangements. These are briefly discussed below:
(1) Balance of Power: According to the first method of establishing peace, attempts are made to maintain a balance of power among the states of the world. The balance of power helps in preventing conflicts in international politics. By forming alliances among states, attempts are made to control conflicts by threatening action against any state that tries to create unrest.
(2) Socio-economic Cooperation: Peace can also be established by increasing social and economic cooperation among states. The main causes of unrest are economic crises, exploitation, and lack of cooperation or understanding. If these causes can be removed, it often becomes easier to establish peace. For example, during the period of the Second World War, Peace in Europe was later strengthened through economic and political cooperation.
(3) Supranational Arrangement: Another method of establishing peace is the supranational system. Through such arrangements, welfare-oriented international organizations are created beyond the territorial boundaries of individual states to promote cooperation and understanding among nations. For example, the League of Nations was formed after the First World War, and the United Nations was formed after the Second World War.
