Class 12 Political Science Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development
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Selected Questions-Answers
1. Very Short Questions and Answers: (Marks for each – 1)
(a) Who was the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute?
Ans: P. C. Mahalanobis.
(b) Who was called the ‘Milkman of India’?
Ans: Verghese Kurien.
Note: Verghese Kurien is widely known as the “Father of the White Revolution” in India.
(c) What is the full form of AMUL?
Ans: Anand Milk Union Limited.
(d) What is meant by planned development?
Ans: Planned development refers to preparing a systematic blueprint regarding how and in which sectors development will take place in a country.
(e) What is the full form of POSCO?
Ans: Pohang Iron and Steel Company.
(f) When was the Planning Commission of India formed?
Ans: On 15 March 1950.
(g) There are two models of development: one is the liberal capitalist model; what is the other?
Ans: The socialist model.
(h) When did the First Five-Year Plan begin? H.S. ’18
Ans: In 1951.
(i) What does FYP mean?
Ans: Five Year Plan.
(j) Name one major project included in the First Five-Year Plan.
Ans: Bhakra-Nangal Dam.
Note: Bhakra Nangal Dam was one of the major multipurpose river valley projects.
(k) From where was the concept of Five-Year Plans adopted inIndia?
Ans: From Soviet Russia.
(l) What was the main objective of the First Five-Year Plan?
Ans: Development of agriculture.
(m) Why did India adopt Five-Year Plans?
Ans: To accelerate the overall development of the country.
(n) Who is the Chairman of the Planning Commission of India?
Ans: The Prime Minister of India.
(o) Which sector was given priority in the Second Five-Year Plan?
Ans: Heavy industries.
(p) Who prepares the Five-Year Plans in India?
Ans: The Planning Commission.
(q) Can the Planning Commission be called a constitutional body?
Ans: No.
(r) What is the ‘Kerala Model’?
Ans: The Kerala Model refers to the development model adopted by the Government of Kerala for the development of the state.
(s) What is meant by Right and Left groups?
Ans: In the context of India’s economic planning, supporters of a liberal economic model are called the Right, while supporters of a socialist model are called the Left.
(t) The government budget is divided into two parts. What arethey?
Ans: (1) Plan Budget and (2) Non-Plan Budget.
(u) Which institution has replaced the Planning Commission inpresent-day India? H.S. ’17
Ans: NITI Aayog.
Note: NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.
(v) Who is regarded as the Father of the Green Revolution in India? H.S. ’16
Ans: Dr. Norman Borlaug.
Note: Norman Borlaug is globally known as the Father of the Green Revolution. In the Indian context, M. S. Swaminathan is often regarded as a keyarchitect of the Green Revolution.
(w) What is the ‘White Revolution’?
Ans: The revolution centered on milk and milk products is called theWhite Revolution. It took place in Gujarat in the 1970s.
(x) In which year did the Election Commission start using EVMs?H.S. ’19
Ans: In 1990.
Note: Electronic Voting Machines were first used experimentally in 1982, but their widespread official use began in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
(y) In which year did the Government of India appoint the Mandal Commission? H.S. ’19
Ans: In 1979.
z) When was the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed? Who was its founding President?
Ans: It was formed in 1951. Its founding President was Syama PrasadMukherjee.
2. Short Questions and Answers: (Marks for each – 2)
(a) What is the ‘Bombay Plan’? H.S. ’19
Ans: In 1944, some Indian industrialists met in Bombay and prepared ajoint draft proposal to establish a planned economy in India. That proposal isknown as the Bombay Plan.
(b) What is meant by ‘Mixed Economy’?
Ans: An economy in which both socialist and capitalist features coexist is called a mixed economy.
(c) Why is the Planning Commission called a non-constitutional body?
Ans: Because the Constitution of India does not mention the PlanningCommission; therefore, it is regarded as a non-constitutional body.
(d) In which year was the Planning Commission formed? Who wasits first Chairman?
Ans: It was formed in 1950. Its first Chairman was the then Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
(e) Mention two advantages (objectives) of planning. H.S. ’15
Ans: Two advantages of planning are
1. To improve the standard of living of the people.
2. To increase national income.
(f) What is a Plan Budget?
Ans: The budget prepared according to specific plans and schemes is calledthe Plan Budget.
(g) Mention two features of India’s New Economic Policy.
Ans: Two features of India’s New Economic Policy are:
1. Liberalisation.
2. Globalisation.
3. Medium-Length Questions & Answers: (Marks for each – 4)
(a) Discuss the importance of economic planning.
Or
How far is planning relevant in the age of globalisation? H.S. ’17
Ans: Economic planning is extremely important for the development ofa nation.
1. It ensures the proper utilisation of economic resources and helps in meeting minimum needs through limited resources.
2. It helps achieve specific goals within a fixed time frame.
3. It establishes balance between production and distribution.
4. It helps in solving problems through a systematic framework.
5. It promotes balanced economic development of society.
(b) Discuss the political consequences of the Green Revolution. H.S. ’17, ’20
Ans: The Green Revolution began in India in the mid-1960s. Its political consequences were:
1. India transformed from a food-deficit country into a nation capable ofexporting food grains, enhancing its international prestige.
2. It indirectly strengthened the Indian National Congress in the political sphere.
(c) Discuss the economic consequences of the Green Revolution. H.S. ’17, ’20
Ans: The economic consequences of the Green Revolution were noteworthy:
1. It significantly increased the production of rice and wheat.
2. It improved agricultural techniques.
3. It contributed to the growth of local production sectors.
4. It helped India become self-sufficient in food grains.
(d) What is the Green Revolution? Briefly discuss. H.S. ’18
Ans: The efforts undertaken from the mid-1960s to increase agricultural production in India are known as the Green Revolution. Due to food shortages in the 1960s, India had to depend on foreign countries, especially theUnited States. To become self-reliant in food production, India adopted modern agricultural techniques such as high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and scientific tools. As a result, food grain production increased substantially.
4. Long Answer Questions: (Marks for each – 6)
(a) Discuss the successes and failures of the Five-Year Plans in India.
Ans: India launched Five-Year Plans in 1951 to achieve comprehensiveeconomic development.
Successes:
1. Economic growth accelerated; per capita income increased between1951 and the mid-1980s.
2. Agricultural production increased, reducing food shortages.
3. Industrial development was significant; the contribution of industry tonational income increased.
4. Literacy rates improved compared to the time of independence.
5. India achieved progress in heavy industries and machinery production.
Failures:
1. Poverty eradication has not been fully successful; poverty remains aserious challenge.
2. Despite efforts, universal literacy has not been achieved.
3. Population control has not been fully successful.
4. Unemployment remains a serious issue despite economic liberalisation.
(b) Briefly discuss the functions of the Planning Commission.
Or
Discuss the role of the Planning Commission. What is the name ofthe organisation formed in place of the Planning Commission? H.S.
’19
Ans: The Planning Commission was formed on 15 March 1950. Its functions were:
1. Assessment of resources, including financial and human resources.
2. Preparation of draft plans.
3. Determination of priority sectors.
4. Advising the Government of India on economic development.
5. Evaluation of development programmes. It has been replaced by NITI Aayog.
(c) Discuss the major debates associated with planned developmentin the early years of Indian independence. H.S. ’15, ’17
Or
Write briefly about the debates on planned development after independence. H.S. ’19
Or
Describe the debate between industrialisation and agricultural development during the Second Five-Year Plan. H.S. ’20
Ans: Several debates emerged in the early years:
1. Agriculture vs Industry: Whether priority should be given to agriculture or industry. The First Plan prioritised agriculture, while the Second Planprioritised industry.
2. Public vs Private Sector: Debate over adopting a capitalist or socialist model. Ultimately, India adopted a mixed economy.
By the 1980s, the public sector dominated, but after criticism, Indiaadopted economic reforms in 1991, giving more importance to the privatesector.
(d) Discuss the objectives of planning in India. H.S. ’16
Ans: The objectives of planning in India are:
1. To improve the standard of living.
2. To increase national income.
3. Proper utilisation of resources.
4. Accelerate national development.
5. Establish economic equality and social justice.
(e) What is meant by planned development? Discuss the role of thePlanning Commission in India’s development. H.S. ’16, ’18
Ans: Planned development means preparing a systematic framework forhow and in which sectors development will take place in a country. The Planning Commission, formed on 15 March 1950, assessed resources, preparedplans, determined priorities, advised the government and evaluated schemesfor national development.
