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Class 12 Education Chapter 3 Recent Trends in Education
Selected Questions-Answers
A. Fill in the blanks: (Marks for each – 1)
1. The meaning of the word “environment” is —.
Ans: Surroundings or all around.
2. The word ‘Environment’ originated from the — language.
Ans: ‘Environer’.
3. Environment is mainly — which exerts influence upon the life ofthe animal world.
Ans: External force.
4. The World Summit was held at —.
Ans: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
5. The objectives of environmental education were determined at the — conference.
Ans: Tbilisi, Georgia
6. The first conference on environmental education was held in the year — at —.
Ans: 1977, Tbilisi.
7. International Women’s Day is celebrated on —.
Ans: 8 March.
8. The present literacy rate of India is —.
Ans: 74.4 percent.
Note: As per Census 2011, the literacy rate was 74.04 percent. Recent estimates indicate a higher rate; therefore, 74.4 percent may not reflect the current figure.
9. Particularly for physical development, — is a systematic arrangement which gives importance to bodily posture and physical movement.
Ans: Physical Education.
10. Population education includes both qualitative and — aspects of population.
Ans: Quantitative.
11. According to the ‘Women’s Reservation Bill’, — percent of seats are reserved in the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha.
Ans: 33.
12. Environmental education makes people aware of —.
Ans: Environment.
13. International Women’s Day is observed on —. H S ’17
Ans: 8 March.
14. World Population Day is observed on —. H S ’15
Ans: 11 July.
15. World Environment Day is observed on —. H S ’16
Ans: 5 June.
17. The objectives of environmental education were determined at the — conference. H S ’17
Ans: Tbilisi Conference (1977).
18. The basis of punishment and reward in education is the —principle of learning. H S ’19
Ans: Result (Law of Effect).
19. The — method of learning establishes a relationship between natural tendency and artificial stimulus. H S ’19
Ans: Conditioning.
20. Mention one objective of informal / non-formal education. H S’19
Ans: Informal or non-formal education is acquired by an individual from various aspects of daily life.
21. What is physical education? H S ’19
Ans: The type of education through which a child’s physical development takes place is called physical education, for example, games and sports.
22. The concept of population education was first introduced by the Swedish sociologist. H S ’20
Ans: Alva Myrdal.
23. Gestalt is a — word which means ‘whole’ or ‘complete form’. H S ’20
Ans: German. 24. While drawing a polygon, the frequency values are plotted on the — of the class intervals.
Ans: Mid-point.
26. “Interest is the latent state of attention and attention is the active state of interest only.” Who made this statement?
Ans: McDougall. William McDougall
25. Give a short answer in one sentence: H S ’20
Who first introduced the concept of education through correspondence?
Ans: Isaac Pitman. Isaac Pitman
B. Short Questions: (Marks for each – 2)
1. What is population explosion? H S ’20
Ans: When the increasing rate of population creates an uncontrolled situation, it is called ‘population explosion’. As a result of population explosion, various problems such as food shortage, housing problems, and economic difficulties arise.
2. What is meant by value education?
Ans: Value education refers to the inclusion of such educational programmes through which, under the influence of various human values, an individual can lead a healthy and beautiful life and guide society on the right path; it helps in the integrated development of personality and character.
3. What do you mean by environment?
Ans: The condition in which we are surrounded by biotic and abiotic elements is called environment. Environment exerts a deep influence on a person’s education, knowledge, character, personality, and attitude.
4. What is physical education?
Ans: Physical education is an educational process through which the all-round development of an individual becomes possible; it provides a healthy, satisfying, useful, and largely productive life and includes games, exercises, dance, etc.
5. Mention two ways of imparting value education.
Ans: Value education can be imparted in two ways—directly and indirectly. In the classroom, it may be given directly through lessons and indirectly through co-curricular activities.
6. Give a definition of environment.
Ans: According to Boring, “A person’s environment is the totality of the conditions which stimulate him from the moment of conception until death.”Edwin G. Boring
7. Describe the role of environmental education in problem-solving.
Ans: In the modern world, human beings are damaging the natural state of the environment for selfish interests. Environmental education reveals themain measures to prevent deforestation, rapid industrialization, global warming, destruction of biodiversity, unplanned dam construction, and unplanned urbanization; therefore, it plays an important role in solving environmental problems.
8. Who introduced the concept of population education?
Ans: A Swedish sociologist named Alva Myrdal.
9. In which year was the ‘Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Bill’ passed? H S ’16, ’18
Ans: In 2005.
C. Answer the following: (Marks for each – 3/4)
1. What is value? H S ’15
Ans: Value means socially approved behaviour of an individual. Values establish the qualitative standard of a person. According to Allport, “A valueis a belief upon which a person acts according to his preferences.” GordonAllport
2. What is social value?
Ans: Social value refers to the development of attitudes such as unity, social justice, nationalism, humanism, and brotherhood among members of society; it is essential for peace, discipline, and humanitarian development in society.
3. What is women empowerment? H S ’18
Ans: Women empowerment is a process through which equal rights, equal freedom, and equal dignity for both women and men can be ensured; it helps women in decision-making, builds self-confidence, and assists in social adjustment. In 1985, the International Women’s Conference stated that women’s empowerment is the process of redistributing social power and control over resources in favour of women.
4. Briefly write how environmental education can be imparted in educational institutions.
Ans: To increase awareness and responsibility towards the environment, environmental education has been introduced in educational institutions. At the primary level, lessons on cleanliness, health practices, sunshine and rainfall, control of heat and cold, and appreciation of natural beauty are included. At the secondary level, subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Botany, and Meteorology should be included in the curriculum.
5. What is population education? H S ’17
Ans: Population education is an educational programme through which population growth and the problems arising from it are studied along with their solutions; it also supports instruction regarding the social environment.
6. What do you mean by value education? H S ’15, ’18, ’19
Ans: Value education refers to the system of education through which attitudes such as unity, social justice, nationalism, humanism, and brotherhood are developed among people; it plays an indispensable role in promoting peace, discipline, and humanitarian values in society.
7. Write two methods of imparting value education.
Ans: The two methods of imparting value education are:
(a) Direct method.
(b) Indirect method.
8. Write two characteristics of environmental education. H S ’16
Ans: Two characteristics of environmental education are:
(a) Development of values.
(b) Formation of a sense of responsibility towards the living world and animal world.
9. Write two advantages of imparting physical education. H S ’18
Ans: Two advantages of imparting physical education are:
(a) Development of physical growth.
(b) Development of personality.
10. Discuss the objectives of physical education. H S ’15
Ans: Physical education is an educational process through which the all-round development of an individual becomes possible. It provides a healthy, satisfying, useful, and productive life and includes games, exercises, dance, etc.
The main objectives are:
(a) Physical development.
(b) Development of values.
(c) Increase of physical efficiency.
(d) Development of social responsibility.
(e) Development of social understanding.
D. Answer in detail: (Marks for each – 5)
1. Explain the relationship between education and women’s empowerment. H S ’15
Or
Discuss the role of education in women empowerment. H S ’18, ’19
Ans: Women empowerment is a process through which equal rights, equal freedom, and equal dignity for both women and men can be ensured on the basis of equal development. Women empowerment not only helps women in decision-making but also builds self-confidence and assists in the process of social adjustment. In 1985, the International Women’s Conference stated, “Women empowerment is the process of redistributing social power and control over resources in favour of women.” Education is inseparably connected with women empowerment because education removes superstitions and blind beliefs and develops a scientific outlook. Through education, the latent talents of women are revealed,
personality develops, and a sense of social responsibility increases.
2. Discuss the necessity (importance) of value education in present society. H S ’17, ’19
Ans: In present society, the need for value education has increased greatly. Values create awareness among citizens regarding law, ideals, and social customs, thereby helping a nation or society to function properly. Value education can reform the moral and social behaviour of individuals. It is observed that with the rapid growth of scientific thinking, people are gradually losing emotional sensitivity and becoming mechanical. Under the dominance of science and technology, spiritual and moral concerns are often neglected. Disorder, hypocrisy, and distrust are increasing in society. In such a situation, although value education is challenging, it is only through value education that we can remove corruption and impurities from society and establish social justice, nationalism, brotherhood, and a sense of beauty.
3. Discuss the measures that should be taken to impart value education in schools. H S ’18
Ans: For imparting value education in schools, the following measures may be adopted:
(1) Arrangements should be made to use radio, television, newspapers, etc. for promoting value education.
(2) Prayer assemblies should be organized in schools to awaken spiritual and moral values among students; devotional songs and sayings of great persons may also be included.
(3) Value education may be imparted through music, dance, drama, and games.
(4) Lectures and seminars by experts may be organized to motivate students towards value education.
(5) Value education may also be imparted through religious instruction.
4. Discuss the scope of population education according to NCERT.
Or
Give four suggestions for imparting population education in educational institutions. H S ’18
Ans: In 1971, at the National Education Conference held in Delhi, it was stated that population education should be imparted at all levels of school education, that is, at both primary and secondary stages.
At the primary level, children should be made aware of the concept of a small family and the standard of quality living and its effects.
At the secondary level, students should be taught the history of population growth and the growth trends of other countries.
At the college level, students should be properly acquainted with the organs of the human body.
Overall, the following four suggestions may be given:
(a) To create the idea that a small family is a happy family.
(b) To impart education on family-centered life.
(c) To provide knowledge about the history of the population.
(d) To make environmental education compulsory.
5. Show three reasons why physical education is important in schools. H S ’15
Ans: The importance of physical education in schools may be explained as follows:
(a) Physical development: Through physical education, students become conscious about their bodies and can protect themselves from physical weakness and diseases.
(b) Development of motor organs: Children get opportunities to move and coordinate their body parts properly, which increases their working capacity.
(c) Mental health: Physical education removes physical and mental fatigue, keeping body and mind healthy and increasing efficiency.
(d) Development of social qualities: It develops brotherhood, tolerance, cooperation, respect, and friendship among students.
6. Discuss the objectives or importance (necessity) of environmental education. H S ’15, ’18
Ans: In the present global context, environmental education has great importance.
(a) Pollution: Pollution of air, water, and soil is increasing day by day. Environmental education makes students aware of these issues.
(b) Global warming: Due to modernization and urbanization, deforestation has led to a gradual rise in atmospheric temperature. If environmental science is included in the school curriculum, students will become conscious of global warming and work towards conservation.
(c) Industrialization: With population growth, industrialization has increased, leading to a rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A study of the environment makes students aware of its harmful effects.
7. Discuss four measures of imparting environmental education in schools. H S ’16
Ans: To increase awareness and responsibility towards the environment, environmental education has been introduced in educational institutions. The following measures may be adopted:
(a) Make physical education compulsory in schools.
(b) Include games and sports in the curriculum.
(c) Arrange training in dance, music, handicrafts, and yoga exercises.
(d) Provide opportunities for students to participate in social service activities such as Scouts and Guides and NCC.
10. What is physical education? Discuss three measures of imparting physical education in schools. H S ’17, ’20
Ans: Physical education is an educational process through which the all-round development of an individual becomes possible. It provides a healthy, satisfying, useful, and productive life and includes games, exercises, and dance. The three measures are:
(a) Making physical education compulsory in schools.
(b) Including games and sports in the curriculum.
(c) Arranging training in dance, music, handicrafts, and yoga exercises.
11. Explain the importance of women empowerment. H S ’16, ’17, ’20
Ans: Women empowerment is a process through which equal rights, freedom, and dignity for women and men can be ensured. It helps women with decision-making and builds confidence and adjustment capacity. In 1985, the International Women’s Conference defined women empowerment as the redistribution of social power and control over resources in favour of women. The importance of women empowerment is immense for the overall
development and welfare of human society because:
(a) Women’s education helps remove blind beliefs and superstitions.
(b) Women develop physically and mentally.
(c) Education develops human qualities such as patience, altruism, kindness, love, brotherhood, and social understanding.
(d) It makes women capable and courageous in asserting their rights.
12. Discuss four areas included in the scope of environmental education. H S ’15, ’17
Or
Discuss the scope of environmental education. H S ’18
Ans: Environment refers to the condition in which we are surrounded by biotic and abiotic elements. It deeply influences a person’s education, knowledge, character, personality, and attitude. To increase awareness and responsibility, environmental education has been introduced in institutions At the primary level, lessons on cleanliness, health habits, sunshine,
rainfall, and control of heat and cold are included, along with appreciation of natural beauty. At the secondary level, subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Botany, and Meteorology are included. The scope of environmental education also includes open-air activities, participation in cultural programmes, keeping roads clean, development ofpublic awareness, prevention of pollution, and control of population explosion.
5. What is population education? Mention four objectives of population education. H S ’16
Ans: Population education is an educational programme through which population growth and the problems arising from it are studied along with their solutions. It also supports teaching about the social environment.
The four objectives are:
(a) To create awareness about the dangers of population explosion and motivate people to control population.
(b) To develop social and human knowledge.
(c) To develop human resources.
(d) To provide knowledge about the relationship between human beings and the environment.
16. Discuss the role of physical education in developing self-confidence and team spirit. H S ’19
Ans: Physical education is an educational process through which the all-round development of an individual becomes possible. It provides a healthy and productive life and includes games, exercises, and dance.
Its main objectives are:
(a) Physical development.
(b) Development of values.
(c) Increase of physical efficiency.
(d) Development of social responsibility.
(e) Development of social understanding.
Thus, physical education plays an important role in developing self-confidence and team spirit among students.
