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Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Comparison with Neighbouring Countries
Selected Questions & Answers
A. Very Short Answer Questions: (Marks for each – 1)
1. Write the names of two neighbouring countries of India.
Ans: Pakistan and Bangladesh.
2. Which is the most populous country in the world?
Ans: China.
3. When did Pakistan gain independence?
Ans: On 14 August 1947.
4. When was the People’s Republic established in China?
Ans: In 1949.
5. When did the First Five-Year Plan of India begin?
Ans: In 1951.
6. Mention the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of China.
Ans: 2001–06.
7. By 1998, how many Five-Year Plans had Pakistan undertaken?
Ans: 8.
8. In which year did the First Five-Year Plan begin in China?
Ans: In 1953.
9. By what name is the first Five-Year Plan in Pakistan known?
Ans: First Five-Year Plan (1955–60).
10. In which year did the first Five-Year Plan begin in Pakistan?
Ans: In 1955.
11. Among China, India and Pakistan, which country has the highest population density?
Ans: China.
12. In which year was the Great Leap Forward (GLF) launched?
Ans: In 1958.
13. Among India, China and Pakistan, which country is the largest in geographical area?
Ans: China.
14. What fraction of India’s or China’s population is Pakistan’s population?
Ans: One-tenth.
15. Out of every six people living in the world, how many are from India and China?
Ans: Out of every six people in the world, one is an Indian and one is Chinese.
16. In which year were capital goods industries nationalized in Pakistan?
Ans: In 1970.
Note: Major nationalization of industries in Pakistan took place mainly in 1972 under the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
17. What is the main strategy of planning adopted by India and Pakistan?
Ans: Creation of a large public sector and increasing public expenditure for social development.
18. Mention the period of India’s Tenth Five-Year Plan.
Ans: 2002–07.
19. What is the share of India’s exports in international trade?
Ans: 0.08 percent.
Note: India’s share in world exports has generally been around about 1percent or more in the early 2000s.
20. Which sector contributes the most to China’s Gross Domestic Product?
Ans: The manufacturing sector.
21. What is the reason for the low rate of population growth in China?
Ans: The rate of population growth in China is low because of the adoption of the “One Child Policy” in the late 1970s.
22. When did economic reforms begin in India?
Ans: In 1991.
23. When did economic reforms begin in Pakistan?
Ans: In 1988.
24. When did economic reforms begin in China?
Ans: In 1978.
25. What was the maternal mortality rate in China in 2003?
Ans: In 2003, the maternal mortality rate in China was 50 mothers per 100,000 live births.
B. Short Questions and Answers: (Marks for each – 2)
1. What was the percentage of people living below the poverty line in China, India and Pakistan in 2003?
Ans: In 2003, the percentage of people living below the poverty line in India, China and Pakistan was as follows:
India: 34.7%
China: 16.6%
Pakistan: 13.4%
2. What are the regional and global alliances formed by different countries of the world in the post–Cold War period to strengthen their domestic economies?
Ans: In the post–Cold War period, different countries of the world formed the following regional and global alliances to strengthen their domestic economies:
(a) SAARC
(b) EU
(c) ASEAN
(d) G-8
(e) G-20 etc.
3. What was the life expectancy at birth in India, China and Pakistan in 2003?
Ans: In 2003, the life expectancy at birth in India, China and Pakistan was as follows:
India: 63.3 years
China: 71.6 years
Pakistan: 63.0 years
C. Medium Length Questions &Answers: (Marks for each – 4)
1. Write briefly about the Great Leap Forward campaign adopted in China in 1958.
Ans: China started the Great Leap Forward campaign in 1958. The main objective of this campaign was to promote large-scale industrialisation throughout the country. The campaign encouraged the people to establish industrial units. In the rural areas of China, small communes were formed. Under the commune system, people cultivated land collectively. In 1958, about 26,000 communes were formed across China, including the farming community. This programme, which was adopted for the rapid development of China’s economy, faced two major problems:
(a) Severe drought occurred in the country. As a result, about 30 million people lost their lives.
(b) Differences arose with the Soviet Union on several issues. As a result, the Soviet government withdrew Russian experts who were working in China. Consequently, the pace of industrialisation in China slowed down.
2. What is the significance of the ‘One Child Policy’ adopted in China?
Ans: China is the most populous country in the world. As the population explosion created heavy pressure on China’s economy, the country adopted the ‘One Child Policy’ to reduce population growth. According to this policy, married couples were required to limit the number of their children to only one. Through this policy, China was able to bring its population growth rate under control.
3. What are the reasons for the slow rate of economic growth and the increase of poverty in Pakistan?
Ans: The reasons for the slow rate of economic growth and the increase of poverty in Pakistan are mentioned below:
(a) The agricultural system in Pakistan has not been fully modernised. Farmers still practise traditional methods of cultivation. As a result, food production has not increased in proportion to population growth.
(b) To face the challenges of natural disasters such as drought and floods that occur from time to time, Pakistan has taken large loans from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A large portion of the country’s income is spent on paying interest on these loans. As a result, development has been hindered.
4. Define the indicator of personal liberty and give some examples.
Ans: An indicator that measures the extent of democratic participation of individuals in making social and political decisions is called an “indicator of personal liberty”. Examples include the indicator of the extent of constitutional protection of civil rights, the Human Development Index, etc.
5. What were the economic reforms adopted in China in 1978?
Ans: In 1978, China adopted economic reforms to achieve rapid economic development. At first, reforms were introduced in the sectors of agriculture, foreign trade and investment. Later, reforms were introduced in the industrial sector. Private business enterprises were generally given authority to manage production independently. In this way, public sector enterprises and private sector enterprises were allowed to compete with each other. During this reform process, a dual-price system was also introduced.
