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Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases of Human Behaviour and Its Guidance
Selected Questions & Answers
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions: (Marks for each – 1)
1. Write True or False:
(a) There is a relationship between instinct and emotion.
Ans: True.
(b) Anger is an emotion.
Ans: True.
(c) Fear is a reflex action.
Ans: False.
(d) Instinct is an unlearned behavior.
Ans: True.
(e) Reasoning cannot remain stable during emotion.
Ans: True.
(f) Motivation arouses the learning process.
Ans: True.
(g) The need for physical safety is one of the psychological needs of children.
Ans: True.
(h) The emotion ‘fear’ is associated with the instinct of food seeking.
Ans: False.
(i) Lower animals do not have any sentiments.
Ans: True.
Note: The statement is debatable in modern psychology and biology, as many animals are believed to possess basic emotions.
(j) Emotion is a state in which a person becomes excited or stimulated.
Ans: True.
2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) ——— is the proper time for habit formation.
Ans: Childhood.
(b) According to psychologist ———, “Instinct is a behavior performed to fulfill a biological purpose.”
Ans: Valentine.
(c) In Freud’s theory, motivation was expressed through the term —.
Ans: Id.
(d) The internal condition of the body that prepares an organism to perform a particular activity is called ———.
Ans: Motivation.
(e) A particular school of thought called Behaviorism was established by psychologist ———.
Ans: Watson.
(f) ——— helps in establishing a child physically and mentally.
Ans: Play.
(g) In childhood, the state in which sexual tendencies are attempted to be satisfied through one’s own activities is called ———.
Ans: Auto-erotism.
(h) The American psychologist ——— mentioned five types of special needs by classifying human needs.
Ans: Abraham Maslow.
(i) The English word “Emotion” comes from the word ———.
Ans: emovere.
(j) The word “Instinct” comes from the Latin word ———.
Ans: instinctus.
3. Choose the correct answer:
(a) The reason why humans like to live with others: Affiliation instinct/ Social instinct / Gregarious instinct.
Ans: Gregarious instinct.
(b) Catharsis is a method of purification of: Instinct / Emotion / Habit.
Ans: Instinct.
(c) The emotion associated with the instinct of escape is: Fear / Anger / Pain / Frustration.
Ans: Fear.
(d) Instinct is distinguished from reflex action by: Innate behavior / Species characteristics / Control of the brain / Learnedbehavior.
Ans: Control of the brain.
B. Short Questions and Answers: (Marks for each – 2/3)
1. Write the names of two human needs.
Ans: Two human needs are hunger and thirst.
2. Write three characteristics of emotion.
Ans: The three characteristics of emotion are:
(a) Emotion arises suddenly.
(b) Physical changes occur along with emotion.
(c) Emotion is completely personal.
3. Write two characteristics of motive (intention).
Ans: Two characteristics of motive are:
(a) It is spontaneous and free.
(b) When the intended behavior is repeated continuously, it gradually becomes a habit.
4. Mention three methods of refining instinct.
Ans: The three methods of refining instinct are:
(a) Repression
(b) Sublimation
(c) Disuse
5. What is meant by the fighting instinct?
Ans: Fighting instinct is an innate instinct. Because of this instinct, a person naturally develops a tendency to quarrel or fight with others.
6. What is parental instinct?
Ans: The desire of young men and women to become the parents of children is called the parental instinct.
C. Medium Answer Type Questions: (Marks for each – 4)
1. Describe the educational value or significance of needs.
Ans: All objects, materials, thoughts, ideas, and feelings that a living beingfeels necessary for survival are called “needs”. Needs have considerable educational value. The mental needs of human beings can be improved through education. Education is necessary to refine and develop them in a cultured manner. In social life, along with physical needs, mental needs are also very important. The successful fulfillment of mental needs contributes to the development of human personality.
Family and school play the most important roles in fulfilling human needs. Therefore, parents should try to understand the needs of their children. For this, a healthy home environment should be created so that children can easily fulfill their physical and mental needs and develop properly. Similarly, the environment of the school should also be favorable so that the mental needs of children can be fulfilled.
2. Discuss the educational significance of motivation (motive).
Ans: The internal condition that makes a person work toward a specific goal is called motive or motivation. The educational significance of motivation is mentioned below:
(a) Motivation creates interest in learning.
(b) Motivation determines the direction of an individual’s behavior.
(c) Motivation determines the tendency of a person’s behavior.
(d) Motivation increases the attention of learners.
(e) Motivation creates mental enthusiasm in the field of education.
3. Write the differences between instinct and motive.
Ans: The differences between instinct and motive are:
(a) Instinct is a biological drive, but biological drive is not essential formotive.
(b) Instinct functions almost automatically like a machine, but motive is the decision that directs instinct.
(c) Instinct is innate and unlearned, whereas motive may be both innate and acquired through learning.
(d) Instinct mainly fulfills personal natural purposes rather than social goals, but motive is controlled by social environment and situations.
4. Mention the differences between instinct and reflex action.
Ans: The differences between instinct and reflex action are:
(a) The effect of instinct is long-lasting and far-reaching, but reflex action is simple, minor, and momentary.
(b) Instinct can be improved through conscious activity, but reflex action cannot be modified or refined.
(c) Instinct influences the whole body and mind, but reflex action remains limited to certain organs or parts of the body.
(d) Intellectual influence can be observed in instinctive behavior, but reflex action involves no influence of intelligence.
5. Write the differences between instinct and emotion.
Ans: The differences between instinct and emotion are:
(a) Instinct stimulates a particular part of the body, but emotion excites the whole body.
(b) Instinct provides the impulse for action, whereas emotion provides the impulse for feeling.
(c) Instinct does not arise suddenly, but emotion arises suddenly.
(d) Instinct is an innate tendency, but emotion largely develops depending on the social environment.
D. Essay Type Questions & Answers: (Marks for each – 6)
1. What is meant by need? Into how many types can human needs be divided? Discuss.
Ans: All objects, materials, thoughts, ideas, and feelings that a living being experiences as necessary for survival are called “needs”. According to psychologist Klausemeier, “Need is a physical and mental state of an organism in the presence of which the organism shows a particular type of behavior.” Psychologists have divided human physical and mental needs into several categories. These are:
(a) Physical needs: Physical needs include hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc. These physical needs are also called biological needs.
(b) Mental needs: The desire to gain fame, acquire knowledge, and achieve excellence in a particular field are examples of mental needs.
(c) Educationally neutral needs: Studying new events or subjects and travelling to different places are examples of educationally neutral needs.
(d) Social and personal needs: The tendency to live together with people in society and maintain collective or group life is called social need.
2. Discuss some types of human needs.
Ans: All objects, materials, thoughts, ideas, and feelings that a living beingfeels necessary for survival are called needs. Human biological and mental needs can be classified in several ways. Some important needs are:
(a) Hunger: The main physical or biological need of humans is hunger. The bodily sensation produced due to the contraction of stomach muscles is called hunger. To satisfy hunger, we must take food.
(b) Thirst: Another important physical need is thirst. We usually satisfy thirst by drinking water.
(c) Sleep: Sleep is another important physical need of human beings. Through sleep the physical and mental energy spent in various activities is restored and fatigue is removed.
(d) Sexual desire: Another physical need of human beings is sexual desire. Although needs such as hunger, thirst, and sleep are seen from birth, sexual desire does not appear in childhood. It arises during adolescence.
(e) Curiosity: Every person has a desire to know new things and to discover mysteries. This curiosity appears from childhood. As a child grows older, this tendency increases and the child tries to satisfy it.
(f) Desire for fatherhood or motherhood: The desire of men to become fathers and women to become mothers is also a type of human need. Due to this need, physical changes occur in adult men and women and marriage becomes necessary.
3. What is motivation? Mention its characteristics and discuss its educational significance.
Ans: The strong dynamic and active mental state created within a person to fulfill physical and mental needs is called motivation. Motivation is an internal effort existing within the mind of a living being. Motivation has several characteristics:
(a) Motivation provides internal energy to fulfill physical and mental needs and creates an active state for action.
(b) It is guided by needs, motives, and goals of an organism.
(c) Motivation may arise due to both physical and psychological causes.
(d) The strength of motivation may increase or decrease depending on the social environment, ideals of others, and the political and economic conditions of a country.
(e) If the natural expression of motivation is obstructed, mental conflict may arise. Motivation has special importance in the field of education. The enthusiasm that helps a learner acquire education is motivation. Motivation encourages a person to perform work in an organized manner. It also helps learners express themselves in a disciplined and refined way. Although the basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual tendency are similar in both educated and uneducated persons, their expression differs greatly.
4. What is motive? Mention its characteristics.
Ans: The internal condition that makes a person work toward a particular goal is called a motive or an incentive. Behind every human behavior there exists a reason, and because of that reason, behavior begins. In other words, every behavior is goal-directed. Motive includes both need and goal.
The main characteristics of motive are:
(a) Intended behavior is spontaneous and free.
(b) Since intended behavior remains under the control of the individual, it can be modified as desired.
(c) If intended behavior is repeated continuously, it eventually becomes a habit.
(d) Mental preparation is required before beginning the intended action.
(e) At the beginning of the intended action, the influence of the stimulus is felt.
(f) When the motive is fulfilled, the intended action comes to an end.
5. Discuss the types of motives.
Ans: The internal condition that motivates a person to work toward a particular goal is called motive or an incentive. Psychologists have divided motives into several types:
(a) Physical motive: The motive that arises in order to satisfy physical needs is called physical motive, such as hunger and thirst.
(b) Emergency motive: The motive that arises to fulfill a goal by ignoring obstacles or difficulties is called emergency motive. For example, engaging in unlawful physical relations to satisfy sexual desire.
(c) Achievement motive: The motive to struggle with environmental forces and display one’s strength and ability in order to achieve success in a particular field.
(d) Social motive: The motive that arises in a person to gain appreciation and social recognition through interaction with others in social life.
(e) Personal motive: The motive that arises to satisfy one’s personal interests and preferences.
6. What is instinct? Mention its characteristics.
Ans: Instinct refers to certain inborn tendencies of human beings. Psychologist McDougall defined instinct as “an inherited psycho-physical disposition which determines its possessor to perceive or attend to objects of a certain class, to experience a particular emotional excitement upon perceiving such an object, and to act in regard to it in a particular manner.” In short, instinct is the natural and fundamental tendency of a living being to act. For example, due to instinct, a mother loves her child, birds build nests, and lions hunt for prey.
The main characteristics of instinct are:
(a) Instinct is provided by nature and inherited by living beings.
(b) There is an inseparable relationship between instinct and emotion.
(c) Instinctive behavior may vary according to different species.
(d) Instinct can be modified or refined but cannot be completely eliminated.
(e) Instincts are universal within a particular group of animals. For example, all lions hunt prey.
(f) Instinct is purposive; each instinct has a particular goal behind it.
(g) Instinct is experienced by a living being throughout life to a greater or lesser degree.
7. Discuss the different methods of refining instincts.
Ans: Instincts are inborn tendencies of human beings. Instincts cannot be destroyed, but they can be modified or refined. The methods of refining instincts are:
(a) Disuse: Although instincts are inborn, their use largely depends on the individual. By disuse, many harmful instincts can be transformed.
(b) Full freedom: A free and unrestricted environment is necessary for refining instincts. If instincts are forcibly suppressed, it may produce negative effects on behavior.
(c) Repression: Repression means preventing the expression of an instinct by considering it undesirable. Though repression can control external expression, it may create mental complications.
(d) Sublimation: Sublimation means directing instincts from undesirable paths to desirable ones. Through sublimation, harmful expressions of instinct can be controlled.
(e) Use of pleasure and pain: Instincts that bring pleasure are repeated, while those that bring pain or dissatisfaction discourage repetition.
(f) Catharsis: Through catharsis, instincts are allowed to be expressed through desirable channels so that they become calm.
8. What is habit? Mention its characteristics.
Ans: The permanent impression left in the body and mind as a result of repeated learning of an activity is called habit. It can also be described as the permanent result of an individual’s learning and experience. The characteristics of habit are:
(a) Habit increases skill and efficiency in work. Repetition reduces mistakes and improves performance.
(b) A habitual action can be performed almost automatically without much mental effort.
(c) Habit makes even difficult tasks easier to perform.
(d) The older a habit becomes, the stronger it grows.
(e) Habitual activities influence the emotional life of an individual.
(f) Through habits, a person’s personality becomes reflected.
(g) Gradually, habits become part of a person’s character.
9. How are habits formed? Discuss the role of parents and teachers in formation.
Ans: Habits are formed in the following ways:
(a) Habit develops through practice or repetition.
(b) Mental determination and preparation help in forming habits easily.
(c) Habits also develop depending on the surrounding environment.
(d) If an activity produces happiness or satisfaction, a person desires to repeat it and it gradually becomes a habit.
(e) Motivation also contributes to the formation of habits.
(f) Sometimes habits are formed due to compulsion or pressure. Parents and teachers play an important role in the formation of habits. The influence of the home environment on the development of children is immense. Particularly, the influence of parents is unavoidable. Therefore, parents should try to develop good habits in children from early childhood. Qualities such as cooperation, affection for younger people, respect for elders, helpfulness, and kindness are usually developed at home. If parents possess good habits, children also tend to develop good habits because they naturally imitate the behavior of their parents.
In school, children are greatly influenced by teachers. They consider the words and behavior of teachers as highly respectable and worthy of imitation. Therefore, teachers should emphasize teaching students moral behavior, honesty, sincerity, diligence, and discipline. In this regard, setting a good example is more effective than merely giving advice.
